Edit C:\Program Files (x86)\SAP BusinessObjects\SAP BusinessObjects Enterprise XI 4.0\win32_x86\odbc\7.0.1\help\reference\odbcgloss.html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <!-- MOTW-DISABLED saved from url=(0014)about:internet --> <title>Glossary</title> <link rel="StyleSheet" href="css/odbcgloss.css" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link rel="StyleSheet" href="css/webworks.css" type="text/css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2" src="wwhdata/common/context.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2" src="wwhdata/common/towwhdir.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2" src="wwhdata/common/wwhpagef.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2"> <!-- var WebWorksRootPath = ""; // --> </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2"> <!-- // Set reference to top level help frame // var WWHFrame = WWHGetWWHFrame("", true); // --> </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2" src="scripts/expand.js"></script> </head> <body class="" style="background-color: #FFFFEE;" onload="WWHUpdate();" onunload="WWHUnload();" onkeydown="WWHHandleKeyDown((document.all||document.getElementById||document.layers)?event:null);" onkeypress="WWHHandleKeyPress((document.all||document.getElementById||document.layers)?event:null);" onkeyup="WWHHandleKeyUp((document.all||document.getElementById||document.layers)?event:null);"> <br /> <div class="WebWorks_Breadcrumbs" style="text-align: left;">Glossary</div> <hr align="left" /> <blockquote> <div class="section_title"><a name="106144">Glossary</a></div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106146">application </a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106147">An application, as it relates to the ODBC standard, performs tasks such as: requesting a </a>connection to a data source; sending SQL requests to a data source; processing errors; and terminating the connection to a data source. It may also perform functions outside the scope of the ODBC interface.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111637">authentication</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="111638">The process of identifying a user, typically based on a user ID and password. Authentication </a>ensures that the user is who they claim to be. See also <span class="Emphasis">client authentication</span>, <span class="Emphasis">OS </span><span class="Emphasis">authentication</span>, and <span class="Emphasis">user ID/password authentication</span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><span class="Action_bold"><a name="107525">bulk load</a></span></div> <div class="Body"><a name="107529">The process of sending large numbers of rows of data to the database in a continuous </a>stream instead of in numerous smaller database protocol packets. This process also is referred to as bulk copy.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106149">client load </a>balancing</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106150">Client load balancing distributes new connections in a computing environment so that no </a>one server is overwhelmed with connection requests.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106152">conformance</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106153">There are two types of conformance levels for ODBC driversâ??ODBC API and ODBC SQL </a>grammar (see <span class="Cross_ref_"><a href="javascript:WWHClickedPopup('reference', 'odbcgloss.html#111681', '');">Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</a></span>). Knowing the conformance levels helps you determine the range of functionality available through the driver, even if a particular database does not support all of the functionality of a particular level.</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106154">For ODBC API conformance, most quality ODBC drivers support Core, Level 1, and a </a>defined set of Level 2 functions, depending on the database being accessed.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111416">connection </a>pooling</div> <div class="Body"><a name="111417">Connection pooling allows you to reuse connections rather than create a new one every </a>time a driver needs to establish a connection to the database. Connection pooling manages connection sharing across different user requests to maintain performance and reduce the number of new connections that must be created. </div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106159">connection retry</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106160">Connection retry defines the number of times the driver attempts to connect to the primary </a>and, if configured, alternate database servers after the initial unsuccessful connection attempt. Connection retry can be an important strategy for system recovery.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106162">connection string</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106163">A string passed in code that specifies connection information directly to the Driver Manager </a>and driver.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106165">data source</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106166">A data source includes both the source of data itself, such as relational database, a flat-file </a>database, or even a text file, and the connection information necessary for accessing the data. Connection information may include such things as server location, database name, logon ID, and other driver options. Data source information is usually stored in a <span class="Cross_ref_"><a href="javascript:WWHClickedPopup('reference', 'odbcgloss.html#106174', '');">DSN (Data Source Name)</a></span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106168">driver</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106169">An ODBC driver communicates with the application through the Driver Manager and </a>performs tasks such as: establishing a connection to a data source; submitting requests to the data source; translating data to and from other formats; returning results to the application; and formatting errors into a standard code and returning them to the application.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106171">Driver Manager</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106172">The main purpose of the Driver Manager is to load drivers for the application. The Driver </a>Manager also processes ODBC initialization calls and maps data sources to a specific driver.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106174">DSN (Data Source </a>Name)</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106175">A DSN stores the data source information (see Data Source) necessary for the Driver </a>Manager to connect to the database. This can be configured either through the ODBC Administrator or in a DSN file. On Windows, the information is called a system or user DSN and is stored in the Registry. Data source information can also be stored in text configuration files, as is the case on UNIX/Linux. Applications deployed in the global assembly cache must have a strong name to handle name and version conflicts. </div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106177">DTC (Distributed </a>Transaction Coordinator)</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106178">In Microsoft Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and the Windows </a>Server 2003 family, the DTC is a system service that is part of COM+ services. COM+ components that use DTC can enlist ODBC connections in distributed transactions. This makes it possible to scale transactions from one to many computers without adding special code.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111468">failover</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="111469">Failover allows an application to connect to an alternate, or backup, database server if the </a>primary database server is unavailable, for example, because of a hardware failure or traffic overload. DataDirect Connect Series <span class="forbody">for</span> <span class="APIbody">ODBC</span> provides different levels of failover: connection failover, extended connection failover, and select failover.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106180">index</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106181">A database structure used to improve the performance of database activity. A database </a>table can have one or more indexes associated with it.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106182">isolation level</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106183">An isolation level represents a particular locking strategy employed in the database system </a>to improve data consistency. The higher the isolation level number, the more complex the locking strategy behind it. The isolation level provided by the database determines how a transaction handles data consistency.</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106184">The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines four isolation levels:</a></div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106185">Read uncommitted (0)</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_single_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner"><a name="106186">Read committed (1)</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_single_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner"><a name="106187">Repeatable read (2)</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_single_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_single_inner"><a name="106188">Serializable (3)</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111568">Kerberos</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="111569">Kerberos is an OS authentication protocol that provides authentication using secret key </a>cryptography. See also <span class="Emphasis">authentication</span> and <span class="Emphasis">OS authentication</span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106189">load balancing</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106190">See </a><span class="Cross_ref_"><a href="javascript:WWHClickedPopup('reference', 'odbcgloss.html#106149', '');">client load balancing</a></span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106192">locking level</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106193">Locking is a database operation that restricts a user from accessing a table or record. </a>Locking is used in situations where more than one user might try to use the same table at the same time. By locking the table or record, the system ensures that only one user at a time can affect the data.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106195">MTS (Microsoft </a>Transaction Server)</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106196">MTS is a component-based transaction processing system for developing, deploying, and </a>managing high-performance, scalable, and robust enterprise, Internet, and intranet server applications. MTS was the precursor to COM+, the current version of this processing system (see <span class="Cross_ref_"><a href="javascript:WWHClickedPopup('reference', 'odbcgloss.html#106177', '');">DTC (Distributed Transaction Coordinator)</a></span>).</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106198">ODBC </a>Administrator</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106199">The ODBC Data Source Administrator manages database drivers and configures DSNs. On </a>computers running the Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, Vista, or Windows 7 operating systems, this application is located in the Windows Control Panel under Administrative Tools. Its icon is named "Data Sources (ODBC)."</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106200">In Linux environments, the DataDirect Linux ODBC Data Source Administrator is located in </a>the /tools directory of the product installation directory.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111504">OS authentication</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="111505">OS authentication can take advantage of the user name and password maintained by the </a>operating system to authenticate users to the database or use another set of user credentials specified by the application. By allowing the database to share the user name and password used for the operating system, users with a valid operating system account can log into the database without supplying a user name and password. See also <span class="Emphasis">authentication</span> and <span class="Emphasis">Kerberos authentication</span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111508">reauthentication</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="111509">The process of switching the user associated with a connection to another user to help </a>minimize the number of connections required in a connection pool.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111681">Secure Sockets </a>Layer (SSL)</div> <div class="Body"><a name="111682">SSL is an industry-standard protocol for sending encrypted data over database </a>connections. SSL secures the integrity of your data by encrypting information and providing SSL client/SSL server authentication. See also <span class="Emphasis">SSL client/server authentication</span>.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106202">SQL Grammar</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106203">ODBC defines a core grammar that roughly corresponds to the X/Open and SQL Access </a>Group SQL CAE specification (1992). ODBC also defines a minimum grammar, to meet a basic level of ODBC conformance, and an extended grammar, to provide for common DBMS extensions to SQL. The following list summarizes the grammar included in each conformance level:</div> <div class="hanging_label_head"><a name="106204">Minimum SQL Grammar: </a></div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106205">Data Definition Language (DDL): CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106206">Data Manipulation Language (DML): simple SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE SEARCHED, </a>and DELETE SEARCHED. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106207">Expressions: simple (such as A > B + C). </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106208">Data types: CHAR, VARCHAR, or LONG VARCHAR. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="hanging_label_head"><a name="106209">Core SQL Grammar: </a></div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106210">Minimum SQL grammar and data types. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106211">DDL: ALTER TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW, </a>GRANT, and REVOKE. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106212">DML: full SELECT. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106213">Expressions: subquery, set functions such as SUM and MIN. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106214">Data types: DECIMAL, NUMERIC, SMALLINT, INTEGER, REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE </a>PRECISION.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="hanging_label_head"><a name="106215">Extended SQL Grammar: </a></div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106216">Minimum and Core SQL grammar and data types. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106217">DML: outer joins, positioned UPDATE, positioned DELETE, SELECT FOR UPDATE, </a>and unions. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106218">Expressions: scalar functions such as SUBSTRING and ABS, date, time, and </a>timestamp literals. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106219">Data types: BIT, TINYINT, BIGINT, BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY, DATE, </a>TIME, TIMESTAMP.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106220">Batch SQL statements.</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="106221">Procedure calls. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111595">SSL client/server </a>authentication</div> <div class="Body"><a name="111596">SSL works by allowing the client and server to send each other encrypted data that only </a>they can decrypt. SSL negotiates the terms of the encryption in a sequence of events known as the SSL handshake. The handshake involves the following types of authentication:</div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="111598">SSL server authentication requires the server to authenticate itself to the client. </a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="list_bulleted_outer" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary=""> <tr style="vertical-align: baseline;"> <td> <div class="list_bulleted_inner" style="width: 18pt; white-space: nowrap;">â? </div> </td> <td width="100%"> <div class="list_bulleted_inner"><a name="111599">SSL client authentication is optional and requires the client to authenticate itself to the </a>server after the server has authenticated itself to the client. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="106223">Unicode</a></div> <div class="Body"><a name="106224">Unicode, developed by the Unicode Consortium, is a standard that attempts to provide </a>unique coding for all international language characters. The current number of supported characters is over 109,000.</div> <div class="ref_head"><a name="111622">user ID/password </a>authentication</div> <div class="Body"><a name="111623">User ID/password authentication authenticates the user to the database using a database </a>user name and password. See also <span class="Emphasis">authentication</span>.</div> <div class="Body"><a name="106056"> </a></div> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2"> <!-- // Clear related topics // WWHClearRelatedTopics(); document.writeln(WWHRelatedTopicsInlineHTML()); // --> </script> </blockquote> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2"> <!-- document.write(WWHRelatedTopicsDivTag() + WWHPopupDivTag() + WWHALinksDivTag()); // --> </script> </body> </html>
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